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| Researchers found the trauma of child abuse was indelibly printed in the DNA of victims (AFP Photo/HECTOR RETAMAL) |
Paris (AFP) - Children subjected to abuse may carry the physical hallmark of that trauma in their cells, scientists said Tuesday, in research that could help criminal investigations probing historic mistreatment.
The
imprints may also shed light on whether or not trauma can be passed on between
generations as has long been hypothesised.
A team of
researchers at the University of British Columbia examined the sperm cells of
34 adult men, some of whom had been victims of child abuse years earlier.
They found
that the effects of the trauma were indelibly printed in 12 regions of the DNA
of those men who had experienced varying levels of emotional, physical or
sexual abuse.
Scientists
believe these alterations, known as methylation, could one day be used by investigators
or courts to weigh allegations of child abuse.
"If
you think of genes as being like lightbulbs, DNA methylation is like a dimmer
switch that controls how strong each light is -- which in turn can influence
how cells function," Nicole Gladish, a PhD candidate in the university's
Department of Medical Genetics, told AFP.
"This
information can potentially provide additional information about how childhood
abuse affects long-term physical and mental health."
The
experiment is one of a growing number of trials looking into what turns genes
"on and off" at different periods of human development, a field of
study known as epigenetics.
Once
thought as entirely pre-programmed from conception, some genes are now known to
be activated or deactivated by environmental factors or an individual's life
experience.
'Small
piece of the puzzle'
Scientists
involved in the study, published in the journal Translational Psychiatry, said
they still did not know how methylation affects a person's long-term health.
In
addition, due to the difficulty in extracting egg cells, the team don't plan to
replicate the experiment on women -- statistically far likelier to have been
victims of child abuse than men.
Scientists
said the degree of "dimming" in the DNA regions were surprising --
one part of the genome of the men who were abused as children was 29 percent
different to those who were not.
And,
because the degree of methylation changes over time, they were able to tell by
looking at the men's cells roughly when the abuse occurred.
"This
might help the development of tests that could be used by healthcare workers or
potentially even as forensic evidence," Gladish said.
Although
researchers still have little idea whether or not the imprints of abuse
contained within sperm cells would survive fertilisation intact, lead author
Andrea Roberts said the study "brings us at least one step closer"
towards working out if trauma can be transmitted across generations.
"We
can look at our study as one small piece in the huge overall puzzle of how
intergenerational trauma works," said Gladish.
She pointed
out there are several other teams working on the conundrum, including experiments
on mice and other animals.
"It is
certainly possible that epigenetic changes in sperm cells play a role in the
physical and mental health of the next generation, but we don't know for
sure."
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