The genes
are not sufficient or necessary to make men gay but do play some role in
sexuality, according to US research
The Guardian, Ian Sample, science correspondent, Friday 14 February 2014
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| Boy Scouts at a gay pride parade in Seattle. Photograph: Elaine Thompson/AP |
A study of
gay men in the US has found fresh evidence that male sexual orientation is
influenced by genes. Scientists tested the DNA of 400 gay men and found that genes
on at least two chromosomes affected whether a man was gay or straight.
A region of
the X chromosome called Xq28 had some impact on men's sexual behaviour – though
scientists have no idea which of the many genes in the region are involved, nor
how many lie elsewhere in the genome.
Another
stretch of DNA on chromosome 8 also played a role in male sexual orientation –
though again the precise mechanism is unclear.
Researchers
have speculated in the past that genes linked to homosexuality in men may have
survived evolution because they happened to make women who carried them more
fertile. This may be the case for genes in the Xq28 region, as the X chromosome
is passed down to men exclusively from their mothers.
Michael
Bailey, a psychologist at Northwestern University in Illinois, set out the
findings to the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Chicago on Thursday. "The study shows that there are genes
involved in male sexual orientation," he said. The work has yet to be
published, but confirms the findings of a smaller study that sparked widespread
controversy in 1993, when Dean Hamer, a scientist at the US National Cancer
Institute, investigated the family histories of more than 100 gay men and found
homosexuality tended to be inherited. More than 10% of brothers of gay men were
gay themselves, compared to around 3% of the general population. Uncles and
male cousins on the mother's side had a greater than average chance of being
gay, too.
The link
with the mother's side of the family led Hamer to look more closely at the X
chromosome. In follow-up work, he found that 33 out of 40 gay brothers
inherited similar genetic markers on the Xq28 region of the X chromosome,
suggesting key genes resided there.
Hamer faced
a firestorm when his study was published. The fuss centred on the influences of
nature and nurture on sexual orientation. But the work also raised the more
dubious prospect of a prenatal test for sexual orientation. The Daily Mail
headlined the story "Abortion hope after 'gay genes findings' ".
Hamer warned that any attempt to develop a test for homosexuality would be
"wrong, unethical and a terrible abuse of research".
The gene or
genes in the Xq28 region that influence sexual orientation have a limited and
variable impact. Not all of the gay men in Bailey's study inherited the same
Xq28 region. The genes were neither sufficient, nor necessary, to make any of
the men gay.
The flawed
thinking behind a genetic test for sexual orientation is clear from studies of
twins, which show that the identical twin of a gay man, who carries an exact
replica of his brother's DNA, is more likely to be straight than gay. That
means even a perfect genetic test that picked up every gene linked to sexual
orientation would still be less effective than flipping a coin.
While genes
do contribute to sexual orientation, other multiple factors play a greater
role, perhaps including the levels of hormones a baby is exposed to in the
womb. "Sexual orientation has nothing to do with choice," said
Bailey. "We found evidence for two sets [of genes] that affect whether a
man is gay or straight. But it is not completely determinative; there are
certainly other environmental factors involved."
Last year,
before the latest results were made public, one of Bailey's colleagues, Alan
Sanders, said the findings could not and should not be used to develop a test
for sexual orientation.
"When
people say there's a gay gene, it's an oversimplification," Sanders said.
"There's more than one gene, and genetics is not the whole story. Whatever
gene contributes to sexual orientation, you can think of it as much as
contributing to heterosexuality as much as you can think of it contributing to
homosexuality. It contributes to a variation in the trait."
Qazi
Rahman, a psychologist at King's College London, said the results were valuable
for further understanding the biology of sexual orientation. "This is not
controversial or surprising and is nothing people should worry about. All human
psychological traits are heritable, that is, they have a genetic
component," he said. "Genetic factors explain 30 to 40% of the
variation between people's sexual orientation. However, we don't know where
these genetic factors are located in the genome. So we need to do 'gene
finding' studies, like this one by Sanders, Bailey and others, to have a better
idea where potential genes for sexual orientation may lie."
Rahman
rejected the idea that genetics research could be used to discriminate against
people on the basis of their sexual orientation. "I don't see how genetics
would contribute more to the persecution, discrimination and stigmatisation of
lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people any more than social, cultural or
learning explanations. Historically, the persecution and awful treatment of
LGBT groups has been because politicians, religious leaders and societies have
viewed sexual orientation as 'choice' or due to poor upbringing."
Steven
Rose, of the Open University, said: "What worries me is not the extent, if
at all, to which our genetic, epigenetic or neural constitution and development
affect our sexual preferences, but the huge moral panic and religious and
political agenda which surrounds the question."
Related Article:
Question: Dear Kryon: Regarding homosexuality or transsexuals. WHY are they the way they are and WHY are they not accepted in mainstream society?
Answer: [From the Kryon Office]
There is often a tremendous amount of information on subjects that are not necessarily part of the on-line magazine Q&A database. Kryon has been channelling for fourteen years, with 9 books covering many, many topics. Homosexuality was one of them from the very beginning. Please see our "Books index page" for subjects contained in the Kryon books: [http://www.kryon.com/direct.html]
An excerpt from Kryon Book 6, page 306
Question from the book: Dear Kryon, I am gay, and an enlightened man. I live in an American society that barely tolerates me, and actually has some laws against my way of life. The church I used to belong to cast me out as being evil and anti-God. I don't feel that I am violating some Human ethic. My love is as true as any heterosexual, and I am a light worker. Tell me what I should know.
Answer from the book: Dear one, less than two generations from now, there will be those who find this book and laugh at the quaintness of this very question. Before I answer, let me ask you and those reading this to examine a phenomenon about Human society and "God."
Thirty years ago, interracial marriage was considered to be wrong by the laws of God. Now your society finds it common. The spiritual objections around it were either dropped or "rewritten" by those divinely inspired and authorized to do so. Therefore, your actual interpretations of the instructions from God changed with your society's tolerance level--an interesting thing, indeed, how the interpretations of God seem to change regularly to match a changing culture!
The truth, of course, is that you find yourself in a situation that is known to create a test for you. Right now, in this time, you have agreed to come into your culture with an attribute that may alienate you from friends and religious followers. You have faced fear of rejection and have had to "swim upstream," so to speak, just as an everyday life occurrence. Your contract, therefore, has been set up well, and you are in the middle of it. Additionally, like so many like you, you have a divine interest in yourselves! You feel part of the spiritual family. What a dichotomy indeed, to be judged as evil by those who are the high spiritual leaders--interpreting God for today's culture.
Now I say this: What is your intent? Is it to walk with love for all those around you and become an enlightened Human Being in this New Age? Is it to forgive those who see you as a spiritual blight on society? Can you have the kind of tolerance for them that they seem not to have for you? Can you overlook the fact that they freely quote their scriptures in order to condemn you, yet they don't seem to have the love tolerance that is the cornerstone of their own message?
If the answer is yes, then there is nothing else you must do. Your INTENT is everything, and your life will be honored with peace over those who would cause unrest, and tolerance for the intolerable. Your sexual attributes are simply chemistry and setups within your DNA. They are given by agreement as gifts for you to experience in this life. Look on them in this fashion, and be comfortable with that fact that you are a perfect spiritual creation under God--loved beyond measure--just like all humans. But then you know that, don't you?
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