In 1987 Brian Kobilka (l) joined forces with Robert Lefkowitz at the HHMI |
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The 2012 Nobel prize in chemistry has gone to two US researchers whose work shed light on how the billions of cells in our body sense their environments.
Robert
Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka, both of the US, will share the prize of 8m Swedish
kronor (£750,000; $1.2m).
Their work
focuses on what are called G protein-coupled receptors, a number of proteins
that reach through cell walls.
Understanding
how they work has been crucial to unravelling the complex network of signalling
between cells.
Sven Lidin
of the Nobel committee started his summary of the work by shouting
"Boo!" to assembled reporters; the rush of adrenaline one gets when scared,
he explained, is just one manifestation of this vast network, communicating a
chemical signal across billions of cells through otherwise impenetrable cell
membranes.
'Enormous
advances'
Dr
Lefkowitz, of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) in Maryland, was
reached by phone during the conference.
He was
asked about receiving the fateful phone call informing him of his win, saying
that he had not heard the phone ring.
"I
must share with you that I wear earplugs and so my wife gave me an elbow, 'call
for you', and there it was: a total shock and surprise, as I'm sure many before
me have experienced.
"I'm
thinking this is going to be a very, very hectic day. I was going to get a
haircut - which if you could see me is quite a necessity - but I'm afraid
that'll have to be postponed."
He went on
to explain that the receptors "serve as the gateway to the cells for many
different neurotransmitters and hormones in our body".
They
capture signalling molecules both in healthy bodies and are the target for half
of all pharmaceutical drugs.
In 2011 Dr Kobilka determined the structure of a receptor as it was activated by a hormone |
"They
are crucially positioned to regulate almost every known physiological process
in humans. As physicians, what we need to do in cases of disease is regulate
the activity of these, like adrenaline, as you heard, serotonin, and
dopamine," Dr Lefkowitz added.
But
signalling goes further than just the network of cells; ulitmately these same
receptors link the cells to the outside world, ultimately allowing us to see,
taste and smell.
Dr
Lefkowitz started investigating the receptors by following the movement of
radioactive isotopes attached to hormones within cells in the laboratory,
trying to track down how signals get through cell membranes.
Dr Kobilka
- who is now at Stanford University in California - joined the HHMI team in the
1980s, and they took another tack to discover how the receptors come about,
searching within the human genome for the code that lays out the genetic
instructions for them.
Taken
together, the pair's work, as the Nobel site's summary explains, represents
"knowledge... of the greatest benefit to mankind".
Mark Sansom
of Oxford University said: "G-protein coupled receptors have for a long
time been the holy grail of membrane protein research.
"In
particular Kobilka's work in determining the structure of G-protein coupled
receptors has revolutionised our understanding of how they work as small
'molecular machines' and will lead to enormous advances in drug design.
"Thus
this is work at the biology/chemistry interface of great importance, and also
with considerable impact in the broader sense."
The total
number of chemistry Nobel recipients has now reached 163 since they began in
1901.
On Monday,
the 2012 prize for medicine or physiology was awarded to John Gurdon from the
UK and Shinya Yamanaka from Japan for changing adult cells into stem cells, and
on Tuesday the prize for physics was awarded to Serge Haroche of France and
David Wineland of the US for their work in querying single light and matter
particles.
The prizes
for literature and peace will be awarded later in the week, with the economics
prize to be announced on Monday.
"Recalibration of Knowledge" – Jan 14, 2012 (Kryon channelled by Lee Carroll) - (Subjects: Channelling, God-Creator, Benevolent Design, New Energy, Shift of Human Consciousness, (Old) Souls, Reincarnation, Gaia, Old Energies (Africa,Terrorists, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Venezuela ... ), Weather, Rejuvenation, Akash, Nicolas Tesla / Einstein, Cold Fusion, Magnetics, Lemuria, Atomic Structure (Electrons, Particles, Polarity, Self Balancing, Magnetism, Higgs Boson), Entanglement, "Life is necessary for a Universe to exist and not the other way around", DNA, Humans (Baby getting ready, First Breath, Stem Cells, Embryonic Stem Cells, Rejuvenation), Global Unity, ... etc.) - (Text Version)
“… Explanation
of the Temple of Rejuvenation
The Temple
of Rejuvenation has two Human Beings quantumly entangled. One is the target.
The other one is the "template." Life extension, through the
knowledge of DNA that Yawee had, was to entangle the target with the template
and transfer certain attributes from the one to the other.
The only
way this could ever work is if DNA had a quantum attribute, and it does. All
our teaching for more than 10 years has told you that the 90 percent of DNA
that is non-encoded and considered "junk" is a quantum instruction
set. Therefore, the DNA molecule must have some quantum attributes yet to be
discovered, but that are very real and have to do with instructions to the chemistry
of more than three billion parts of the DNA molecule. This is especially true
to the gene-producing chemistry of the protein-encoded parts. For simplicity, I
tell you that DNA is actively dynamic and can change the reality of everything
you think of as "normal."
Yawee, you
explained very well the attributes of the target creating an entangled state
with the template Human. Now we reveal that the template was (1) a woman (2)
who is pregnant. You have...
Todd
interrupting: ... the source of the perfect DNA template!
That is
correct! So the secret of the Temple of Rejuvenation is twofold: (1) DNA is
perfect on Earth within an unborn child and you can transfer some of the
attributes of that perfection before it assimilates the energy of the planet.
(2) You can extend life and healing through a quantum communication with the
DNA molecule. Do you see the implications? The wise, divine feminine who is
with child is the only one who could be on the template table. Are you starting
to understand the beauty of this, the implications of this and where it's
going? …”
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